If you are on a laptop, you'll most likely need a USB or Firewire interface. Also the bit resolution on a soundcard should be 24-bit so you can record without hiss noise and also have more headroom without clipping the top of the waveform if it's loud. The sound card will be able to play those higher sampling rate files while a plain old built-in crappy soundcard might fail. The soundcard is also important if you work at higher sampling rates (48, 88.2, 96 KHz). This would be the case if you were going to record a whole drum set, say, from a mixer with multiple outputs.
Also if you are recording a lot of different things simultaneously you'll need more inputs. So if you have a microphone, you'll need a sound card with mic imputs and possibly phantom power to power it if it's that type of condensor mic that needs it. Some of them can also use microphone level electrical audio signals and bump them up in volume and then convert them to computer data. The electrical audio signals are the same type that you would find on line level inputs and outputs of CD players, stereos, cassette decks, etc. (digital to analog converter: DAC, and analog to digital converter: ADC).
But basically what they do is convert computer data into electrical audio signals and convert electrical audio signals into computer data.
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